Tips on Writing Race and Profiling Essay Topics

Tips on Writing Race and Profiling Essay TopicsWhen writing a racial profiling essay topics, there are some things you need to take into consideration. It can be difficult, but it can be done. It will take practice and patience, but the end result is worth it. By making the steps in advance, you will be able to get through them without panicking or losing your calm.The first thing you need to do is start off with essay topics that will be easy to do. In order to start your race and profiling essay, you will need to make sure that you know a little bit about what this form of essaying is all about. This will make it easier for you to start when writing about your topic and will also make it easier for others to read.Your main goal is to make sure that your topic will be interesting and not boring. You need to keep your writing flow and making sure that you know how to incorporate all of the right topics that will appeal to those reading your essay. Having an easy to understand topic w ill make it easy for people to pick up on what you are trying to say. It should also be written in such a way that is attractive to read.Because this race and profiling essay topics are going to be serious topics, it is imperative that you spend some time researching the subject. The research will help you narrow down which topics are worth spending time on and which ones are not. You want to find as much information as you can on the subject before you write your essay.Spend some time searching for sample essay topics on the internet. This will give you an idea of the type of topics that will appeal to the reader and they will be able to pick up on what you are trying to say. This will help make your essay more interesting.Itis also a great idea to create a research paper that shows how you came to your conclusion on the subject. This may seem strange, but it will give people a better understanding of your perspective on the subject. They will also be able to see your reasoning beh ind why you think certain things happen in certain places. This will make your race and profiling essay topic more effective.After you have researched new essay topics, you can try to write about them. This is probably the most difficult part of this process because you want to use the information that you have gotten to make your essay even more interesting. It is very important that you go over your essay several times and edit it until it is perfect. This will give it the best chance at being accepted by the college or university that you are submitting it to.Racial profiling essay topics are important to people who are writing their essays. Making sure that you are thorough in your research and writing with care will make your subject stand out. If you do this, it will be more successful than if you simply copy and pasted the information from one essay to another. Make sure that you have a well planned out essay so that you will be able to stick to your topic and have a successf ul essay to share with the world.

Self-Editing How to Self-Edit a Book With Specific Strategies for Success

Self-Editing How to Self-Edit a Book With Specific Strategies for Success Self-Editing: How to Self-Edit a Book With Specific Strategies for Success So you’ve finished your book†¦ now what? Self-editing is what. Now its time to learn how to self-edit it- and properly.Finishing the first draft of a book is a tremendous accomplishment that’s certainly worth celebrating. But it doesn’t get any easier from here.The next step is one of the most tedious and important aspects of publishing a book- self-editing.Sure, almost all self-published authors will hire an editor in some capacity. Before that step, you do have to edit the book yourself and only yourself (unless you use Scrivener footnotes editor or other editing tools, that is).Heres our guide to self-editing your novel: Understand the need for self-editingDifference between revising and editingHow to develop a self-editing planStart the self-edit processDifferent types of verbal read-throughsDiscover your self-editing styleEdit one chapter at a timeStart self-editing TODAYAt the very least, every author will receive feedback from multiple readers before the launch date, but self-editing is key because eliminating obvious errors and minimizing mistakes in the manuscript will give hired editors and beta readers a greater opportunity to provide corrections on the things you missed.NOTE: We cover everything in this blog post and much more about the writing, marketing, and publishing process in our VIP Self-Publishing Program. Learn more about it hereWhy do we need to self-edit our books?After completing a rough draft, it’s very tempting to immediately hire an editor and hand over your manuscript. But no writer can state their rough draft is the very best of their work.And after all, the better the draft you submit to an editor, the better final product.An editor will surely help improve a manuscript, but before placing that rough draft in an editor’s hands, each writer should be able to answer yes to the question:â€Å"Did I make this manuscript as strong and as good as I could have?†There’s no way the answe r to that question is yes after only writing the rough draft. Take pride in your work and make sure it’s your best before someone else reads it.Before beginning the self-editing phase, there are three important things to keep in mind:The Difference between editing and revisingSelf-editing requires patience because it takes timeDevise an editor plan for after the self-editing phase prior to startingThe Difference Between Editing and RevisingEditing and Revising sound very similar, but knowing the subtle differences can make self-editing a lot easier.Throughout my career, I’ve engaged in a lot of different writing styles. Depending on the outlet and audience, writing style may differ, but one constant is all writing needs edited and revised in some capacity.Of course, one of the most essential parts of the self-editing phase is knowing the difference between editing and revising. I’ll lay out the subtle difference and explain how to achieve both in order to turn y our rough draft into a sparkling text for your editor.Editing and Revising definitions according to the Merriam-Webster DictionaryEditing to prepare for publication or public presentation; to alter, adapt, or refine especially to bring about conformity to a standard or to suit a particular purpose.Revising to look over again in order to correct or improve; to make a new, amended, improved, or up-to-date version of On the surface, they sound exactly the same. To be fair, editing and revising are similar, but not exactly the same thing.In a basic nutshell, editing is fixing basic errors like capitalization, punctuation and spelling. Revising is the act of improving specific writing such as sentence structure, chapter structure and word choice.A good self-edit will include both edits and revisions to a manuscript.Develop Your Self-Edit PlanBefore getting started with self-editing, though, keep in mind that Self-Publishing School advises not to wait, but to reach out and/or hire an ed itor after you finish your manuscript. Performing that task upon completing the rough draft will allow the author to hand over their manuscript right after finishing the self-editing phase. Editors are often booked two weeks in advance. Waiting to reach out to editors until after the self-edit could mean there’s no movement on your book for at least a couple weeks.Now you’re ready to begin.How to Start Self-EditingThe self-editing phase will include re-reading your book at least three times. Self-Publishing School calls them verbal read-throughs. With each one, you will be looking to address different aspects of your writing.In the self-edit of my own first book, I devised three different types of read-throughs.The three different types of verbal read-throughs in self-editing:Reading for structureReading for readabilityReading for grammar and word choiceEach read-through during self-editing should be done out loud.Verbal Read-Throughs for Self-EditingSelf-Publishing Sc hool teaches to read your manuscript out loud to yourself. I couldn’t agree more. It may seem a little silly, but it’s much easier to find errors while reading the entire book out loud than silently.Find a quiet spot alone so you can read out loud.Following my three different types of read-throughs and reading them out loud will enable you to make your book as good as you can.#1 Read for StructureRemember that great mind map and book outline you constructed before even beginning to write the rough draft? It’s time to break those back out.As you begin to re-read your manuscript chapter-by-chapter, follow along with your outline as well. This will allow you to make sure every detail is in the right place and nothing is missing.This is how you can structure your self-edits for chapters:Those chapters on your outline and in your book should all have a clear and concise topic. In some ways, one could think of the individual chapters as their own little books. Each o ne connects to the others, but they can also stand alone.Double checking chapter structure is the first real key to self-editing. One personal example of how revising chapter structure helped my book:In my own rough draft, the first chapter of my book, His World Never Dies: The Evolution of James Bond, explored the popularity of the Bond film series and how the series’ portrayal of masculinity has changed over the years.When I devised my outline, it seemed natural that these two topics were tied together since Bond’s masculinity is why so many men and women have enjoyed the series over the last six decades.But I had two problems: the chapter was more than 4,500 words while the other nine chapters in my book were all around 3,000. Even worse, the first chapter bounced between these two ideas that I thought were connected- Bond’s popularity and masculinity.Upon my read-through, the chapter felt clunky and long. If readers shared the same sentiment, they might not continue to read the rest of the book.In self-editing, make sure each chapter has one clear and concise topic.Revisions were needed. It took a lot of work, but I divided the first chapter into two one that focused on the series’ popularity and the other on Bond’s masculinity. After I made this decision, I read through the entire chapter again, picking out which paragraphs applied to which specific topic.Following that step, the two new chapters were too short, which meant both needed more words. I had more writing to do.But by dividing the chapter, rearranging the paragraphs and adding more details, I had made some very strong revisions.I now possessed two chapters that started my book on the right track with each chapter standing alone and focused on one topic.This is how to go through self-editing for sentence structure transitions:Double checking sentence structure is the second important part of step one in self-editing.How each book idea flows to the next is th e second aspect to consider during the â€Å"structure† read-through. The use of transition words and phrases- next, then, furthermore, on the other hand, etc.- can be very helpful to achieve this.But the same concepts to ensuring chapter structure should be applied to sentence structure. Make sure to complete your entire thought on one subject before jumping to the next whether from chapter to chapter or inside a chapter.Proper transitions and book flow will allow readers to keep going naturally. It could prevent them from ever putting it down!#2 Read for ReadabilityIt’s very likely that you know your book topic better than anyone who reads your book. That’s especially true if you are writing a memoir, but that will likely also be the case with a self-help book or non-fiction commentary on something such as the James Bond film series.After double checking the structure of your book, the second read-through should ensure every chapter, every paragraph, every se ntence and even every word makes sense.Ask yourself these questions when editing for vague details or over-explained thoughts:Did I gloss over any details that a beginner to my topic might not know?Did I forget a vital detail to a personal story in my memoir?Does it feel like I’m bogging down my reader with unnecessary details not important to my overall point?Keep these questions in mind during the second read-through of the self-editing stage.In the second read-through, place yourself in the mind of your reader.For my book, I needed to ensure every scene of a Bond film I explain was properly detailed to my audience. I have seen the Bond movies dozens of times, but not every reader will have, so it was important to make sure even readers who haven’t seen the films can understand what’s going on in a particular scene.Heres how to self-edit awkward phrasing:In this step, authors should also be able to find awkward phrasing. This is the biggest reason why we advis e reading your manuscript out loud. Sentences that don’t make sense or that need to be reworded will stick out when spoken in voice rather than read silently.#3 Read for Grammar and Word ChoiceAs you may have guessed, the first two read-through steps are making revisions to your manuscript. In this last step, authors will be performing both edits and revisions.Once you’ve nailed down your book’s structure and readability, you’re now ready to double check grammar, spelling, capitalization and punctuation.It’s important to leave grammar until the last step of the self-editing phase. Otherwise, you will need to repeat this step after revisions are complete.Double checking word choice was vitally important in my own self-editing. I tend to repeat the same words without even realizing. In my first rough draft, I had the same transition word used multiple times on the same page or the same verb or adjective deployed on numerous occasions in the same cha pter. Get out a thesaurus and utilize different words where applicable- just be sure these words actually make sense (as we all know thesauruses cant always be trusted). This doesn’t mean change every noun to a fancier word in attempt to sound smart. Nobody likes a smart ass. But avoiding repeated words while expanding your vocabulary in a colloquial way is the last step in self-editing.Other tips for self-edit read-throughs:Find a style that worksTry re-reading only a chapter at a time the whole book togetherAgain, read the manuscript out loudThat’s the end of the actually steps needed to complete the self-editing phase, but there’s more to it than just simply reading through the manuscript and making alterations.Find a Self-Edit Style That Works for YOUAre you more of a paper and pen person or do you love using track changes on writing software like Microsoft Word or Google Docs? There is no right or wrong, but finding your best preference and consistently re peating it through each read-through is essentially. Personally, I loved the good, old-fashioned pen and paper for my self-editing. I find it easier to read out loud from a paper than a screen. It also allowed me to easily keep track of all my edits and revisions with a pen.You can do the same, though, with track changes like in the example below.Printing out your manuscript and/or working with track changes is essential to the self-editing phase.After each read-through, make the changes in your official manuscript, so they are present for the next read-through. Then repeat the process.For all the read-throughs, I would print out a new copy of my book.NOTE: To save paper, reprint on the back of the previous manuscript.Self-Edit One Chapter at a TimeMost self-published authors have other jobs. If not, they still likely have very busy lives because everyone does. That probably makes performing an entire read-through for the whole book in one sitting very unlikely.However, there are ad vantages to self-editing the whole book in one read-through during a single day.Pros to read-throughs in one sitting:Easier to receive entire pictureRepeated phrases and words can be more apparentReading it as the fans wouldReading the entire manuscript together for chapter and sentence structure is a good idea because it’s easier to get the entire picture of how the book fits together.It’s also easier to pick out repeated phrases and words. If you wait several days between reading the first and final chapter for structure, you may not realize you repeat yourself too much or that you have the exact same sentence in two places.The readers that never put your book down may experience it in an entirely different way than you did if you never performed an entire book read-through in one sitting.Cons to read-throughs in one sitting:General tirednessGrammar and spelling edits may sufferThreat of rushing through itThere are plenty of advantages to only re-reading a chapter at a time as well. For one, going through an entire read-through in one sitting can take hours and is very tiring. In the last few chapters, you might not be as sharp at catching errors as you were at the beginning of the process because of fatigue.All self-editing can be tedious, but checking for grammar, spelling and punctuation is particularly banal. It’s even harder when tired.Furthermore, if the goal is to get through the entire book with one read-through in one sitting, but you only have a set amount of time to do it, there’s a distinct possibility that you will rush. That’s not a good thing either.TIP: Try both techniques to see which self-editing works for you.The one-sitting read-through is better suited for when checking for structure. It’s better to read one chapter at a time while editing for grammar and spelling.If your book is truly too long for a read-through in one sitting, then don’t worry about it. More than likely, that means reade rs won’t be reading it all the way through at a time either.Are you ready to start your self-editing TODAY?Again, the self-editing stage is one of the most mundane aspects of publishing a book. At times, it can be flat-out exhausting with no end in sight. It’s very tempting to just give up and hand the manuscript to an editor.But before editor begins their work on your manuscript, self-editing can take your book to the next level. A full commitment in this stage can make all the difference in the quality of your manuscript.If youre ready to start (finish) and publish your book, check out this free training by Chandler Bolt!

Middle and Adolescence Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Middle and Adolescence Development - Essay Example Peer relations are related to the formation of friendly group. The number of friends during this age is greater than any other age. This formulation is also similar to Maslow’s need for belongingness. The middle age peer relation concerns for the communal needs of acceptance by peers and avoidance by rejection. These communal needs include, affection, intimacy companionship, support etc.(Buhrmester, 1996). The adolescent shows increased influence of peer group than a middle childhood. During the transition period, the children usually reject old friends and come to new relations. Girls are more likely to accept new friends than boys. The middle childhood friendship is based on easiness to handle the friends. But in adolescence the relation is based on commonality. Peer rejection is painful during adolescence more than middle childhood. Thus though the emotional relations he slowly learns that the previously believed things are wrong The adolescent picks up the habit and social qualities of his companion. Peers influence his interests, attitude and values. The social behavior of an adolescent is controlled by the peer group. During this time the peer relation inculcates the sense of loyalty, sympathetic attitude and willingness to obey the social rules and regulation.

Charlene Barshefsky Case Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Charlene Barshefsky Case Analysis - Assignment Example Using analytical framework to view the key issues and complexity of the case, the researcher will try to justify Charlene Barshefsky’s actions and suggest some alternate approaches to view the problem. This case is all about complexities regarding trade and cultural negotiation process hence the researcher will not try to give any subjective viewpoints which might spoil the purpose of the case. Recognizing multiple aspects of the case such as coalition building approach, bilateral dealings, â€Å"barriers† to agreement etc will be key features of the discussion. This piece of work will also try to understand the actions taken by respective authorities in the case in order to facilitate protection of intellectual property rights (IPR), improvement of IPR policy of People’s Republic of China and address human right issues. In the least part of this paper, the researcher will summarize the personal learning output from the case. Question 2 Research scholars such as Shapiro (2001) and O’Donoghue and Zweimuller (2004) have classified IPR as a pretty much sensitive issue when it comes to negotiating between countries. The case sheds light on International trade negotiations between China and USA in context to intellectual property rights (IPR) violation. According to the case, during mid 1990’s, USA accused China for its poor standard of IPR law which gave the opportunity to pirates to counterfeit and illegally copy entertainment and software products of USA. In 1993, USA representatives reported that Chinese pirates counterfeited USA entertainment products such as DVDs, movie CDs, software and exporting pirated CDs, DVDs to South Asian and North American countries. Such level of piracy and counterfeiting had negatively affected the trade relationship between USA and China and also decreased the market share of IPR products of USA. The case is presented from the perspective of Charlene Barshefsky who was then then-Deputy United Stat es Trade Representative (USTR) and was responsible for handling the negotiation process. In the first part, the case discusses about the challenges and barrier of negotiation faced by Charlene Barshefsky while the second part of the case study, discusses about strategic intervention used by Charlene Barshefsky and her team members to deal with the situation. However, the case is more about trade agenda regarding cross cultural negotiation process and intellectual property right issue rather than description of tariff and non-tariff obstacles related to free trade. According to the case, key assignment for Charlene Barshefsky was to offer or formulate viable strategy for establishing new intellectual property rights agreement with Chinese government. The case also underlines alternatives such as initiating Section 301 which is a unilateral action and multilateral approaches such as working as joint force with other countries to improve the IPR standard in China. Question 3 Hulse and Sebenius (2003) pointed out that working as USTR was a challenge for Charlene Barshefsky which she had taken in positive manner. She had understood the fact that she could not get the support of USA government unless make the IPR violation in China as domestic issue of

Its a few poems in the instrution box you may choose one and choose a Essay - 1

Its a few poems in the instrution box you may choose one and choose a title - Essay Example The title itself goes to show comparison. The life of the lover of the poet is never ending because the poet firmly believes that his beloved will live on forever through the words used by the poets. â€Å"Amores† and â€Å"Ovid’s Tristia† have been found parallel to this poem. Another similarity is that this poem is based on love theme so are the other two poems mentioned above. The use of Shakespearian sonnet is palpable in the poem. There are several double meanings in this poem and the language is a little difficult to understand. â€Å"Sonnet 18 is the best known and most well-loved of all 154 sonnets. It is also one of the most straightforward in language and intent. The stability of love and its power to immortalize the poetry and the subject of that poetry is the theme.† (Analysis of Shakespeare) Shall I compare Thee to a summer’s Day? Is also a poem based on love, the poet compares his lover to summer season and concludes that his lover is far better than the summer season. The rhyme scheme is quite different from the poems of Emily Dickenson, this poem is a Shakespearian Sonnet constructed with iambic pentameters. The motif used in all three of the poems is love. This poem is difficult to understand because of its abstruse nature, Shakespeare has made several important comparisons in the poem which must be paid attention to. A young man is being directly compared with a hot summer day. The poet says that a young man is much more stable than a hot afternoon, a hot afternoon tends to change mood as it gathers pace but a young man is much different and much stable than a summer afternoon. â€Å"This sonnet is certainly the most famous in the sequence of Shakespeare’s sonnets; it may be the most famous lyric poem in English. Among Shakespeare’s works, only lines such as â€Å"To be or not to be† and â€Å"Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo?† are better-known. This is not to say that it is at all the

Why Is Religion Important? Essay -- Why Study Religion?

"Just as a candle cannot burn without fire, men cannot live without a spiritual life." -- Buddha "So I say to you, Ask and it will be given to you; search, and you will find; knock, and the door will be opened for you." --Jesus Christ Whether you consider yourself a religious person or not, or whether you think religion has played a positive or negative role in history, it is an incontrovertible fact that from the beginning of time, humans have engaged in activities that we now call religion, such as worship, prayer, and rituals marking important life passages. Moreover, religions have always asked fundamental questions, such as: What is the true meaning of life? What happens to us after death? How do we explain human suffering and injustices? The answers different religious traditions give to these important questions are many and varied and often contradictory. But the questions themselves are ones with which humans throughout time have grappled, and probably will continue to grapple with into the indefinite future. Thus, one of the first reasons to study religion is sim...

Indias Highest Gallantry Award (Pvc) Winners

Param vIr chakra: The medal is a circular bronze disc 1. 375 inches (3. 49 cm) in diameter. The state emblem appears in the centre, on a raised circle. Surrounding this, four replicas of Indra's Vajra (the all-powerful mythic weapon of the ancient Vedic King of Gods). The decoration is suspended from a straight swivelling suspension bar. It is named on the edge. On the rear, around a plain center, are two legends separated by lotus flowers. The words Param Vir Chakra are written in Hindi and English. A purple ribbon, 32 millimetres (1. in) long, holds the Param Vir Chakra. The medal symbolizes Rishi Dadhichi, who had donated his bones to the Gods for making Vajra Facts about Param Vir Chakra: 1. Of the 21 Paramveer Chakra awardees, 20 are from the Indian Army and one from the Indian Air Force. 2. Som Nath Sharma, the first recipient of the award, was the award designer Mrs. Savitri Khanolkar's son-in-law posthumous. 3. Grenadiers Regiment have received the most number of Param Vir Ch akras, with 3 awards, one each for the Indo-Pakistan 1965 war, 1971 Indo-Pakistan war and the Kargil War.The Gorkha Rifles have also received three awards, with the 1st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment), 8th Gorkha Rifles and 11th Gorkha Rifles each receiving one. 4. The Sikh Regiment, Kumaon Regiment, 17th Poona Horse and Jammu and Kashmir Rifles have received two awards. 5. The highest rank to be awarded a Param Vir Chakra is that of a Lieutenant Colonel. Lt. Col. Ardeshir Tarapore. 6. The award to Major Dhan Singh Thapa, for the battle of Sirijap in the 1962 War was initially announced as a posthumous award. It was not known that Major Thapa was taken POW at that time.Param vir chakra winners Stories of the highest gallantry award winners of the armed forces. 1947-48 Jammu and Kashmir Operations Major Somnath Sharma, 4 Kumaon, posthumous Major Somnath Sharma Major Somnath Sharma son of Major General Amarnath Sharma, was born on January 31, 1923, in Himachal Pradesh. He was comm issioned in the Kumaon Regiment on February 22, 1942. On October 22, 1947, Pakistan launched the tribal invasion of Jammu & Kashmir. Major Somnath Sharma laid down his life for the country on November 3, 1947 in Badgam, Kashmir in a brave fight against Pakistan troops.Major General Amarnath Sharma received India's first and highest wartime gallantry medal, Param Vir Chakra, on behalf of his son. 2nd Lt. Rama Raghoba Rane, Corps of Engineers Second Lieutenant Rama Raghoba Rane Second Lieutenant Rama Raghoba Rane was born on June 26, 1918 at Chendia, Karnataka. He was commissioned in the Corps of Engineers on December 15, 1947. He served with distinction during the 1947-48 Jammu ; Kashmir operations. On March 18, 1948, the Indian Army recaptured Jhangar, which was lost to the enemy in December 1947. Indian troops then planned an advance from Naushahra to Rajouri.Rane made a substantial contribution in facilitating the Indian advance on Rajouri. The gallant effort made by Rane during t his critical advance earned him the highest wartime gallantry medal, Param Vir Chakra. †¢ CHM Piru Singh Shekhawat, 6 Rajputana Rifles, posthumous Company Havildar Major Piru Singh Company Havildar Major Piru Singh was born on May 20, 1918 in Rajasthan. He was enrolled in the 6 Rajputana Rifles on May 20, 1936. During the Jammu ; Kashmir operations in summer of 1948, Pakistani raiders mounted a strong counter offensive in the Tithwal sector.The enemy also forced the Indian Army to vacate their forward positions across river Kishanganga. After the setback, Indian troops took position on the Tithwal ridge. Havilder Major Piru Singh laid down his life, in a brave fight against the enemies, leaving for the rest of his comrades a unique example of single-handed bravery and determined courage. He was honoured with the highest wartime gallantry medal, Param Vir Chakra, posthumously. Naik Jadunath Singh , 1 Rajput, posthumous Naik Jadunath Singh Naik Jadunath Singh was born on November 21, 1916 in Shahjahanpur, Uttar Pradesh.He was enrolled in the 1 Rajput Regiment on November 21, 1941. During the Jammu ; Kashmir operations in the winter of 1947, the capture of Jhangar on December 24th, by the Pakistani raiders, placed them in an advantageous position in the Naushahra sector. At a most critical stage in the battle for the defence of Naushahra, he saved his picket from being overrun by the enemy. Naik Jadunath Singh was honoured with the highest wartime gallantry medal, Param Vir Chakra, posthumously. †¢ Lance Naik Karam Singh, 1 Sikh Lance Naik Karam Singh Lance Naik Karam Singh was born on September 15, 1915, in Barnala, Punjab.He was enrolled in 1 Sikh Regiment on September 15, 1941. He had earned a Military Medal in World War II. During the Jammu ; Kashmir operations in 1948, the Indian Army made substantial gains in the Tithwal sector. Karam Singh was honoured with the highest wartime gallantry medal, Param Vir Chakra, for his outstanding role in the bat tle of Tithwal. 1962 Indo-China War Major Shaitan Singh , 13 Kumaon, posthumous Major Shaitan Singh Major Shaitan Singh, son of Lieutenant Colonel Hem Singhji, was commissioned in the Kumaon Regiment on August 01, 1949.During the 1962 Indo-China conflict, 13 Kumaon was deployed in Chusul sector. The battalion led by Major Shaitan Singh held a crucial position at Rezang La, at a height of 5000 metres. The expected Chinese attack on Rezang La came on November 18. Unmindful of his personal safety, Major Shaitan Singh moved from one platoon post to another and encouraged his men to fight. He was mortally wounded. Shaitan Singh was awarded Param Vir Chakra, the highest wartime gallantry medal, posthumously, for his leadership and devotion to duty. Major Dhan Singh Thapa , 1/8 Gorkha RiflesMajor Dhan Singh Thapa Major Dhan Singh Thapa, born on April 10, 1928 in Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, was commissioned in the 8 Gorkha Rifles on August 28, 1949. The Sirijap valley, north of the Pangong La ke in Ladakh, was considered vital for the defence of Chushul airfield. The 1/8 Gorkha Rifles had outposts there to thwart any enemy encroachment in the area. One of these outposts named Sirijap-1 was held by a platoon of ‘D' Company under the command of Major Dhan Singh Thapa when the Chinese attack came on October 21, 1962. Major Thapa repulsed the attack, inflicting heavy losses on the enemy.For his gallant act, Major Dhan Singh Thapa was honoured with the highest wartime gallantry medal, Param Vir Chakra. Subedar Joginder Singh , 1 Sikh, posthumous Subedar Joginder Singh Subedar Joginder Singh was born on September 26, 1921, in Faridkot, Punjab. On September 28, 1936, he was enrolled in the 1 Sikh Regiment. During the 1962 Indo-China War, Subedar Joginder Singh commanded a platoon in the Tawang sector of North East Frontier Agency. On October 23, the Chinese launched an attack on the Bum La axis. Subedar Joginder Singh and his platoon stood firm like a rock.Singh, despite a wound in the thigh, refused evacuation. He manned a light machine gun and killed a large number of enemies. By now all ammunition with the platoon had been exhausted. Subedar Joginder Singh and his men fell upon the advancing enemy and bayoneted many to death. Subedar Singh was killed in this epic battle. For his inspiring leadership, courage and devotion to duty, he was awarded the highest wartime gallantry medal, the Param Vir Chakra, posthumously. 1965 Indo-Pak War Lt. Col. A. B. Tarapore, 17 Poona Horse, posthumous Lieutenant Colonel Ardeshir Burzarji Tarapore Lieutenant Colonel ArdeshirBurzarji Tarapore was born on August 18, 1923 in Mumbai. He joined the Hyderabad State Force in 1942 and saw active service in West Asia during World War-II. He was commissioned in Poona Horse on April 01, 1951. The biggest tank battle of the 1965 Indo-Pak War took place at Phillora in the Sialkot sector. Lt. Col. A B Tarapore defied the enemy's charge, held his ground and gallantly attacked Ph illora with one of his squadrons supported by an Infantry battalion. When wounded, he refused to be evacuated. On September 14, 1965, he led his regiment to capture Wazirali.Unmindful of his injury, he again led his regiment and captured Jassoran and Butur-Dograndi on September 16, 1965. In this battle his own tank was hit several times. Lt. Colonel A B Tarapore tank was in flames and he died a hero's death. Lieutenant Colonel Ardeshir Burzarji Tarapore was awarded with the highest war-time gallantry medal, Param Vir Chakra, posthumously. CQMH Abdul Hamid , 4 Grenadiers, posthumous Company Quarter-Master Havildar Abdul Hamid Company Quarter-Master Havildar Abdul Hamid was born on July 1, 1933, in Uttar Pradesh. He was enrolled in the 4 Grenadiers on December 27, 1954.During the 1965 Indo-Pak War, 4 Indian Division was entrusted with the responsibility of capturing Pak territory East of Lchhogil Canal and contain possible enemy attack on Kasur-Khem Karan axis. The enemy tanks had pen etrated the forward company positions. Hamid was commanding a recoilless gun detachment. He knocked out two enemy tanks. By this time the enemy brought down concentrated machine gun and high explosive fire on him. But he kept on firing. He was mortally wounded by a high explosive shell. Hamid was honoured with the highest war time gallantry medal, Param Vir Chakra, posthumously. 1971 Indo-Pak WarMajor Hoshiar Singh , 3 Grenadiers – 1971 War Major Hoshiar Singh Major Hoshiar Singh was born on May 05, 1936 in Haryana. He was commissioned in the Grenadiers Regiment on June 30, 1963. He was also Mentioned-in-Despatches. On December 17th, during the 1971 Indo-Pak war, though wounded seriously in enemy shelling, Major Singh again went alone from trench to trench, moving in the open. Major Singh, realising the importance of fire support at this juncture, rushed to the machine gun pit and operated the gun inflicting heavy casualties on the enemy. The enemy attack was repulsed, and th ey beat a hasty retreat.Throughout this operation, Major Singh displayed the most conspicuous gallantry in the face of the enemy, grim determination and indomitable spirit. He was honoured with the highest wartime gallantry medal, Param Vir Chakra. 2nd Lt. Arun Khetarpal , 17 Poona Horse, posthumous Second Lieutenant Arun Khetarpal, son of Brigadier M L Khetarpal, was born on October 14, 1950, in Pune, Maharashtra. He was commissioned in the 17 Poona Horse on June 13, 1971. During the 1971 Indo-Pak War, the 47 Infantry Brigade, with the 17 Poona Horse under command, was ordered to establish a bridge-head across the Basantar River in Shakargarh sector.Khetarpal fiercely attacked the enemy strong points and captured many enemy soldiers and recoilless guns at gunpoint. He destroyed several enemy tanks. In the thick of the battle, Khetarpal's tank also received a shot and burst into flames. But realising the useful role of his tank in preventing a breakthrough, he set about destroying t he remaining enemy tanks. At this stage his tank received a second hit. The brave Officer met his death denying the enemy the intended breakthrough. For his conspicuous gallantry, Khetarpal was honoured with the highest wartime gallantry medal, the Param Vir Chakra, posthumously. Fg. Off. N. J. S.Sekhon , No. 18 Squadron, posthumous Flying Officer Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon Flying Officer Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon was born on July 17, 1943 in Ludhiana, Punjab. He was commissioned into the Indian Air Force on June 4, 1967. During the 1971 operations, Sekhon was with No. 18 â€Å"Flying Bullets† Squadron flying the Folland Gnat fighter based at Srinagar. He and his colleagues fought successive waves of intruding Pakistani aircraft with valour and determination. On the 14th of December 1971, Srinagar Airfield was attacked by a wave of six enemy Sabre aircraft. Sekhon took off and immediately engaged a pair of the attacking Sabres.He succeeded in damaging two of the enemy aircraft. Hi s aircraft crashed and he was killed. For his sublime heroism, supreme gallantry, he was awarded Param Vir Chakra, the highest wartime gallantry medal, posthumously. Lance Naik Albert Ekka , 14 Guards, posthumous Lance Naik Albert Ekka Lance Naik Albert Ekka was born on December 27, 1942 in Ranchi, Bihar. He was enrolled in the 14 Guards on December 27, 1962. During the 1971 Indo-Pak War, the 14 Guards was asked to capture a Pakistani position at Gangasagar, 6? km west of Agartala in the eastern sector. Ekka went with the left forward company of the battalion in the attack.He charged the enemy bunker, bayoneted two enemy soldiers and silenced the light machine gun. Though seriously injured in this encounter, he continued to fight alongside his comrades with courage, securing bunker after bunker. He hurled a grenade into the enemy bunker. Ekka died of the injuries suffered during this battle. Lance Naik Albert Ekka was awarded Param Vir Chakra, the highest wartime gallantry medal, po sthumously. 1999 Kargil Operations Four Kargil war heroes were awarded the highest gallantry award on January 26, 2000 for displaying the valour of the highest order during operation Vijay.While Captain Vikram Batra and Lt. Manoj Pandey were awarded PVC posthumously, Grenadier Yogendra Singh and Riflemen Sanjay Kumar received the award from the President, Mr. K. R. Narayanan in person. Captain Vikram Batra , 13 JAK Rifles, posthumous Captain Vikram Batra Captain Vikram Batra, 13 Jammu and Kashmir Rifles, and his Delta Company were given the task of recapturing Point 5140. Captain Batra single-handedly engaged three enemy soldiers in close combat and killed them. He was seriously injured during this combat, but insisted on regrouping his men to continue with the given task at hand.Inspired by the extraordinary courage displayed by Captain Batra, the soldiers of 13 JAK Rifles charged the enemy position and captured Point 5140 at 3:30 a. m. on June 20, 1999. Captain Batra led his men t o even more glorious victories with the recapture of Point 4750 and Point 4875. He was tragically killed, when he tried to rescue an injured officer during an enemy counterattack. For his sustained display of the most conspicuous personal bravery, Captain Vikram Batra was awarded the Param Vir Chakra, India's highest medal for gallantry, posthumously.Lieutenant Manoj K. Pandey , 1/11 GR, posthumous Lieutenant Manoj Kumar Pandey Lieutenant Manoj Kumar Pandey, 1/11 Gorkha Rifles, forced back the intruders from the Batalik sector on June 11, 1999. He led his men to recapture the Jaubar Top, a feature of great operational importance. But his finest hour was in the capture of Khalubar in the early morning hours of July 3, 1999. On the night of July 2-3, 1999 the battalion's progress on to its final objective, was halted by a determined enemy firmly entrenched on commanding heights.The young officer led his platoon along a narrow, treacherous ridge that led to the enemy position. He surge d ahead of his troops and charged at the enemy with a full-throated battle cry through a hail of bullets. Although wounded in the shoulder and leg, he pressed on his solitary charge with grim determination. Critically bleeding, he collapsed at the final bunker and finally succumbed to his injuries, but not before the last of the enemy had been annihilated. Lieutenant Manoj Kumar Pandey was awarded the Param Vir Chakra, India's highest medal for gallantry, posthumously.Grenadier Yogender Singh Yadav, 18 Grenadiers Grenadier Yogender Singh Yadav Grenadier Yogender Singh Yadav of 18 Grenadiers, was part of the Commando ‘Ghatak' Platoon tasked to capture three strategic bunkers on Tiger Hill during the Kargil war on the night of July 3-4, 1999. In spite of having been hit by three bullets in his groin and shoulder, displaying great strength and resolve, he climbed the remaining 60 feet, all by himself and reached the top. With rare grit and courage, he crawled up to the bunker cri tically injured and lobbed a grenade killing four Pakistani soldiers and neutralising enemy fire.For his sustained display of the most conspicuous personal bravery and gallantry of the highest order in the face of the enemy, Grenadier Yogender Singh Yadav was awarded the Param Vir Chakra, India's highest medal for gallantry. Rifleman Sanjay Kumar, 13 JAK Rifles Rifleman Sanjay Kumar Rifleman Sanjay Kumar, 13 Jammu and Kashmir Rifles, was the leading Scout of a team tasked to capturing Area Flat Top of Point 4875 in the Mushkoh Valley on July 4, 1999, being held by Pakistani-backed militants. Without concern for personal safety, Kumar crawled alone up the ledge and charged towards the enemy bunker, through a hail of automatic fire.Bleeding profusely from the bullet wounds, he continued the charge towards the bunker. He then picked up the enemy machine gun and crept towards the second enemy bunker. Three enemy soldiers, taken completely by surprise were killed by him on the spot. For his sustained display of bravery, Rifleman Sanjay Kumar was awarded the Param Vir Chakra. UN Operations Captain G. S. Salaria , 3/1 GR, posthumous Captain Gurbachan Singh Salaria Captain Gurbachan Singh Salaria was born on November 29, 1935, in Gurdaspur, Punjab. He was commissioned in the 1 Gorkha Rifles on 9 June 1957.After the Belgians quit Congo, a civil war situation developed in that country. When the United Nations decided upon military intervention to retrieve the situation, India contributed a brigade of around 3000 men to the UN Force. Captain Salaria prevented the enemy from going to the roundabout thereby saving the UN Headquarters in Elizabethville from encirclement. For his extraordinary leadership and devotion to duty, Captain Gurbachan Singh Salaria was awarded the highest wartime medal, Param Vir Chakra, posthumously. Saichen Operations Naib Subedar Bana Singh , 8 JAK LINaib Subedar Bana Singh Naib Subedar Bana Singh, born in Kadyal, Jammu on January 6, 1949, was en rolled in the Indian Army on January 6, 1969 into the Jammu & Kashmir Light Infantry (JAK LI). During June 1987, the 8 JAK LI, was deployed in the Siachen area. Naib Subedar Singh volunteered to join the special task force formed to root out Pakistani infiltrators. Naib Subedar Bana Singh led his men through an extremely difficult and hazardous route. Lobbing hand-grenades, charging with a bayonet and moving from trench to trench, he cleared the post of all intruders.He was awarded the Param Vir Chakra, the highest wartime gallantry medal, for conspicuous bravery and leadership under most adverse conditions. IPFK Operations Major R. Parameswaran , 8 Mahar, posthumous – IPKF Operations Major Ramaswamy Parameswaran Major Ramaswamy Parameswaran was born on September 13, 1946, in Mumbai. He was granted Short Service Commission in the Mahar Regiment on January 16, 1972. He took part in a number of operations undertaken by the Indian Army. Under the Indo-Sri Lanka Agreement many In dian Army units were dispatched to Sri Lanka to maintain law and order there.On November 25, 1987, Major Parameswaran and his column were ambushed by a group of militants. With great presence of mind he encircled the militants from the rear and boldly charged them. During the hand-to-hand combat that followed, one militant shot him in the chest. Undaunted by his grave injury, he snatched the rifle from a militant and shot him dead. Though critically wounded he continued to give orders and inspire his command till he breathed his last. For the most conspicuous bravery & supreme sacrifice, Parameswaran was honoured with the Param Vir Chakra, posthumously.